名词
概述：
普通名词 复数
一、可数名词
1． 单数变复数
1） 一般加s map ---maps book --- books
2) 以 –s -x -sh -ch 结尾 加es
bus__es_____ wish___es_____ watch___es_____ box___es_____
3) 以辅音+ y 结尾的名词 将 y 变成i 再加 es 以元音+y 结尾 加 s
eg: factory___ies_______ story____ies_______ toy___s_____ monkey____s______
4)以f 或fe 结尾的名词把f 或 fe 改为v 再加 es
eg: 一个小偷从架子上拿了一把割树叶的小刀，要了我妻子一半的性命。__thief___shelf___leaf___knife___wife___half___life___
特例：cliff悬崖___s_______ chief (首领)___s_________
5）以o 结尾的名词 一般加s 但除了：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。
_Negro_____hero_____potato_____tomato___________________________
6)一些不规则变化（收集 记忆）
mouse__mice tooth__teeth Frenchman__frenchmen policeman__policemen
child___children ox___oxen goose___geese woman___women foot---feet
German--- Germans；Bowman(姓)----the Bowmans
7)_单复数同形: deer sheep fish Chinese Japanese means species
li，jin, mu，yuan, jiao, fen
2. 复合名词的复数构成
1） 将主体名词变为复数
passer-by__过路人，行人 father-in-law__岳父 looker-on__旁观者 editor-in-chief__主编
2)其它名词在最后加复数
grown-up__成人 go-between__中间人 look-out__看守
3) 由man woman 构成的复合名词都要变复数
man doctor__s__ woman player__s__
3)只有复数的名词
1) people cattle police
不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle
2) the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
3) 由两个相同的部分组成的名词 glasses \trousers \gloves \shoes \scissors \socks \ jeans
4) 其它 goods twins thanks woods surroundings（环境） ruins（废墟） jewels
stairs (楼梯) findings（调查结果） earnings（薪水）
注意：
1) 以下短语只用复数
do exercises; take turns; make repairs; in high\low spirits; as follows; make friends with;
shake hands with
2) 以下短语单复数都可以
make faces \ a face to; play jokes \ a joke on; have talks\a talk with;
have effects\ an effect on; take notes\a note of sth.
3)有些短语用单数 复数 意思不一样
have words with sb 与某人吵架 have a word with sb 同某人说话
4）有些词的单复数意义不同
cloth布-----clothes衣服 compass指南针------compasses 圆规
custom习惯-----customs 海关 good利益----goods 货物
manner 方法-----manners 礼貌 paper纸-----papers文集
sand沙子-----sands 沙滩 time时间----times 时代
wood木材----woods 森林 work工作----works 工厂；作品
5) 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
二、不可数名词
1． 不可数名词常用of 短语表示数量 如果是复数常在单位名词后加
a piece of paper two pieces of board a block of ice three cups of coffee
a cake of soap a bar of chocolate a slice of meat a drop of water a grain of rice
a piece of advice
2. 一些表物质的名词的不可数名词有时也可用复数 表示不同种类
foods metals fruits silks teas
3．有些名词在一种场合下属于不可数名词，但在另一种场合下又属于可数名词。例如下面的物质名词：glass玻璃---a glass玻璃杯 iron铁——an iron 熨斗
tin锡——a tin 洋铁罐 paper纸——a paper一份报纸；一张试卷
coffee咖啡——a coffee 一份咖啡 power力量——a power 一个大国
beauty美——a beauty 一个美人 success成功——a success 一件成功的事
4．有些可数名词在一定情况下也可以转换成不可数名词，例如：
Please make room for them.
There is no school tomorrow.
Go to bed quickly.
He is on holiday.
The trees are now in flower.
5. 常见的不可数名词，表示数量时要用量词：
advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计 equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色 information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量 baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦
cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声 apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境
clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动 paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运
technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
a piece of news/information/bread/work
a piece of furniture
a cake of soap
6. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
Our country is famous for tea.
我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please.
请来两杯茶。
7. 抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
三、名词的所有格
1.由生命的名词所有格是在名词后加’s 或s’ ; 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加 ’， 无生命的用of 来表示
eg: 男孩子的书包 the boy’s bag 房子的窗户 the window of the house
但是： 桌腿 the desk’s leg
2.表时间 距离 国家 城市 的名词可以用 ‘s
eg: two hours’ walk 3 miles’ journey China’s population Zhang Jiakou’s weather
3. 表示店铺 人家 某人办公室时 名词所有格常省去
at the doctor’s at Mr. Green’s at my uncle’s at the barber’s
4．注意： a friend of my father’s （friends） 父亲众多朋友中的一个
a friend of my father 父亲的朋友 强调所属
a picture of my brother’s 弟弟众多照片中的一张 不一定是他本人
a picture of my brother 弟弟本人的一张照片
a book of Lu Xun’s
a book of Lu Xun
5. 如果一样东西为两个共有 只在最后的一个名词加’s 谓语动词要看’s 后的名词的单复数，如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都加’s 谓语动词用复数
eg: Tom and Mary’s father is watering flowers
Tom and Mary’s toys are around the house
Tom’s and Mary’s fathers are talking with each other .
四、名词做定语的几种情况 一般都用单数去修饰其它名词
1． 表材料： the stone house strew hat gold ring
2. 表学科 physics lab geography lessons history teacher
3. 表所盛液体 tea kettle milk bottle gasoline tank coffee cup
4. 表类别 apple seeds cotton field rose garden feature film 故事片
5． 表用途：a shoe shop a ticket office
注意： 1. 也有用复数名词做定语 sports women men goods
2. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如：两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）___________________ 十里路___________________
两百棵树______________________ 一个五年计划_____________________
个别的有用复数作定语的，如：一个七岁的男孩______________________
五、名词表示数量
1. 只修饰可数名词的数量词
many \ a good(great) many \ a (great \large \small ) number of \ numbers of \ a few \ scores of(二十) \ dozens（十二） of \ series of \ a variety of
2只修饰不可数名词的数量词
much \ a great deal of \ a little \ little \ a(n) (small\large)amount of
3. 都可以修饰
some more most lots of a lot of plenty of a (small\large) quantity of
quantities of
4. 当名词前由 so such as too rather quite how what 等时 次序如下
such \ quite a difficult problem
too\ so difficult a problem
how difficult a problem it is
It is as difficult a problem as the one we solved last week.
注意：1. rather 的位置较活 a rather difficult problem
rather a difficult problem
2. so 之可用于 so adj. + a +n.(单数)
不可 so +adj. +n.(复数)
但是 so many \ little \ much +n 可以
名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人the an two
Australians Australian Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two
Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two
Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
主谓一致关系
英语中，主语和谓语在数、性和格上应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现插入语，故考试中经常考到主谓一致。除了以上特殊名词谓语有特殊要求外，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：
1． 复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时；主语由both … and … 连接 时，谓语动词用复数。
Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.
Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那个杂货店既卖面包，也卖黄油。
2． 就近原则： 由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …； there be …等引导的主语， 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。
Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.
3． 就远原则：主语，＋ as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。
同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等
4． 表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor .
Twenty days have passed since I met her last time.
自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。 ( twenty days 这里不作整体看待， 故谓语动词用复数。)
5． and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)
同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
law and order bread and butter
apple pie and ice cream folk and knife
wheel and axle 轮轴 needle and thread
love and hate egg and rice 蛋炒饭
The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一个人)
The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指两个人)
A black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (指两只狗)
A black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗)
6．动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
To work hard is necessary
What I said and did is of no concern to you.
Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数 )
7． many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义， 谓语仍用单数。
Many a student has made such a mistake.
More than one stranger agrees with me.
[注意]
在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。
8． 由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a … 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.
9. 由 all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名词构成的主语，谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复数。
All of us are going to see the game.
All of his time was spent on gambling
Three-fourths of the people are illiterate.
同例： plenty of…， one fourth of…， none of…， some of …， majority of …， … percent of …， the rest of …， reminder of …。
10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词， 谓语动词用单数。
A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
同例： a / the variety of；a / the group of
11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致，但注意the only one of… 的用法。
One of those men likes to drive fast.
One of those men who like to drive fast is her son.
He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.
12. 由some，any, no，every 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
Neither is satisfactory.
Is either of the singers reading now?
13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时， 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时， 谓语动词用单数。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。
同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.
我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间长一些。
The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。
14. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词(如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers)作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在修改。
15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用数。
One and a half apples is left on the plate.
16. 当主语由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species
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